PP lwn Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim Keterangan Menyokong : Wujud atau Tidak
Posted on Monday, December 10, 2012 by hafiz
Kes Dato’ Seri
Anwar Ibrahim sememangnya telah diketahui umum dengan pelbagai kontroversi
termasuk kes terbarunya yang melibatkan bekas pembantu peribadinya iaitu Saiful
Bukhari. Tertuduh yang dituduh dengan kesalahan persetubuhan luar tabii di
bawah seksyen 377B Kanun Keseksaan telah dibebaskan oleh mahkamah kerana
diakhir perbicaraan mahkamah memutuskan bahawa mahkamah tidak akan mensabitkan tertuduh dengan dakwaan
kerana tiada satu keterangan menyokong dengan keterangan mangsa. Dalam entry
kali ini, penulis akan cuba untuk memberi gambaran serba sedikit dengan keputusan
yang diambil oleh mahkamah di akhir perbicaraan dalam kes ini.
Dalam
kes R v Baskerville (1916-17) All ER 38,
perkataan “menyokong” ditafsirkan sebagai “independent testimony” yang mengaitkan tertuduh melalui perkaitan
tertuduh dengan sesuatu jenayah. Dalam kes R
v Scarrot (1977) 3WLR 910, mahkamah memutuskan bahawa sesuatu keterangan
yang menyokong harus diterima pada peringkat permulaan. Namun, sesuatu
keterangan itu tidak diterima hanya berdasarkan kepada kualiti “keterangan menyokong”.
Sesuatu keterangan menyokong itu tidak boleh menggantikan sesuatu keterangan
asal. Keterangan menyokong ini hanyalah sekadar suatu keterangan sokongan
kepada keterangan asal.
Seksyen
157 Akta Keterangan 1950 telah menyatakan mengenai keterangan menyokong ini (corroborative evidence). Seksyen ini
menetapkan bahawa;
“Bagi menyokong testimoni seorang saksi,
sesuatu penyataan dahulu yang dibuat olehnya sama ada secara bertulis atau
lisan, atas sumpah atau dalam percakapan biasa, berhubungan dengan fakta yang
sama pada atau lebih kurang pada waktu fakta itu telah berlaku, atau di hadapan
mana-mana pihak berkuasa yang kompeten di sisi undang-undang menyiasat fakta
itu, boleh dibuktikan.”
Kedudukan
seksyen 157 Akta Keterangan 1950 ini adalah berbeza dengan kedudukan keterangan
menyokong di England. Di England, keterangan menyokong ini bermaksud; “independent evidence which implicates the
accused.” Dalam kes R v Whitehead
(1929) 1KB 99, Lord Hewart CJ menyatakan;
“In order that evidence may amount to corroborative
it must be extraneous to the witness who is to be corroborated. A girl cannot
corroborate herself, otherwise it is only necessary for her to repeat her story
some 25 times in order to get two corroboration of it”.
Kedudukan yang
berbeza dapat dilihat di Malaysia di mana dalam kes Karthiyayam & Anor v Lee Seong Sin & Anor [1975] MLJ 119 di
mana Raja Azlan Shah menyatakan;
“It is settled law that a person cannot
corroborate himself but it would appear that section 157 of the Evidence Act
enables a person to corroborate his testimony by his previous statement. The section
adopts a contrary rule of English jurisprudence by enacting that a former
statement of a witness is admissible to corroborate him, if the former
statement is consistent with the evidence given by him in court. The rule is
based on the assumption that consistency of utterance is a ground for belief in
the witness’s truthfulness, just as inconsistence is a ground for disbelieving
him”.
Berikut adalah
serba sedikit ringkasan mengenai keterangan menyokong atau lebih dikenali sebagai
“corroborative evidence”. Kini kita kembali kepada kes yang ingin dibincangkan
iaitu kes PP lwn Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim. Wujudkah keterangan menyokong
terhadap dakwaan yang dikenakan terhadap tertuduh dalam kes ini? Adakah saksi-saksi
pendakwaan memberikan satu keterangan yang mampu menyokong keterangan yang
diberikan oleh mangsa yang juga merupakan saksi pendakwaaan iaitu SP1 yang
membolehkan tertuduh disabitkan dengan kesalahan terbabit? Atau adakah tiada
kenyataan menyokong yang mampu mensabitkan tertuduh dengan pertuduhan yang
dikenakan terhadapnya.
Artikel
ini akan cuba menyelusuri sedikit berkenaan kes terbabit yang melibatkan
keterangan menyokong ini. Kita akan lihat pada peringkat awal kes ini iaitu
semasa kes pendakwaan. SP1 iaitu mangsa dalam kes ini semasa kes pendakwaan
telahpun memberitahu mahkamah mengenai apa yang telah berlaku di antara beliau
dan juga tertuduh. Semasa kes pendakwaan, mahkamah telah memutuskan bahawa
wujudnya kes prima facie dalam kes
pendakwaan. Dalam menerangkan mengenai keterangan menyokong dalam kes
pendakwaan, Hakim Mohamad Zabidin Mohd Diah telah menjelaskan mengenai corroborative evidence dalam
penghakimannya. Hakim pada awalnya menerangkan wujudnya keterangan menyokong di
antara keterangan yang diberikan oleh SP1 dan juga SP24 iaitu Encik Ibrahim Bin
Yaakop di mana pada tarikh dan masa fakta tertuduh telah menelefon SP24 untuk
menyerahkan sampul surat kepadanya dan SP24 telah mengarahkan SP1 untuk
menyerahkannya kepada tertuduh pada masa dan tarikh kesalahan itu dilakukan. Hakim menyatakan;
“PW24 corroborated PW1’s evidence that PW1 and the accused was at
the condominium thereby affording not only opportunity but also confirming
proximity of time.”
Hakim seterusnya
menjelaskan lagi bahawa imej ketibaan SP1 di kondominium terbabit dan menaiki
tingkat 5 yang dirakamkan oleh CCTV merupakan “independent corroborative
evidence” yang menyokong kehadiran SP1 di kondominium terbabit pada masa dan
tarikh kejadian itu berlaku. SP22 dalam kes ini telah mengesahkan bahawa SP1
telah pun memasuki kawasan kondominium terbabit pada 14.47.44 pada 26 Jun 2008.
Kemudian SP11 yang merupakan seorang
penganalisis di suruhanjaya sekuriti telah menerangkan kepada mahkamah bahawa
masa yang ditunjukkan dalam rakaman terbabit adalah terlambat selama 9 minit 15
saat mengikut waktu standard Malaysia.
Dalam menghuraikan
mengenai corroborative evidence di antara SP1 dan juga saksi pendakwaan yang
lain, hakim dalam penghakiman semasa kes pendakwaan memutuskan bahawa;
“Based on the above evidence, I find the accused and PW1 were at
the vicinity of the crime scene during the period mentioned in the charge. The
presence of the accused at the vicinity of crime scene and the proximity of
time to the commission of the offence showed there was opportunity for the
offence to take place. More importantly they are corroborative evidence,
lending support to the credibility of PW1’s evidence. Corroborative evidence as to what
transpired between the accused and PW1 in the Unit 11-5-1 could be found in the
medical history of PW1 as evidenced by Dr Ruzain (PW23) who interviewed PW1 and
Dr Siew (PW3). She was informed by PW1 that he had been sodomised by the
accused. Lubricant was used and the accused fondled PW1’s breast. PW1 informed
PW23 that there was penetration and ejaculation as well. These were noted and
reflected in the Performa exh D28. Likewise Dr Siew PW3 also testified that he was informed by PW1
that he was sodomised by a high profile public figure for at least two months
and the last incident happened on 26 June 2008. When asked by PW3 whether
condom was used, PW1 replied no condom was used. PW1 affirmed that lubricant
was used and there was penetration. He also confirmed ejaculation took place. The history given by PW1 was also
noted in the medical report exh P22 jointly prepared by the three doctors –
PW2, PW3 and PW4. lt is stated under the heading “HISTORY”
“23 – YEARS OLD MALAY GENTLEMENT WHO ALLEDGED SODOMISED BY WELL
KNOWN PUBLIC FIGURE FOR THE PAST 2 MONTHS. THE LAST INCIDENT TOOK PLACE IN THE
AFTERNOON OF 26TH JUNE 2008”
This medical history narrated by PW1 and noted by the medical
doctors PW2, PW3 and PW4 is corroborative evidence which lend credence to PW1’s
evidence. The more crucial evidence
which corroborated the evidence of PW1 on the factum of penetration of the
accused’s penis into PW1’s anus was the evidence of the medical doctors PW2,
PW3, PW4 and the chemist PW5. PW2, PW3
and PW4’s evidence showed swabs were taken from PW1. Among the swabs taken were
exh P6F taken from perianal region, exhs P6H and P6I taken from high rectal
region and exh P6J taken from low rectal region. These swabs were put in
containers, sealed and handed to Investigating Officer PW25 to be handed to
Chemist Dr Seah Lay Hong (PW5) for analysis. From the analysis on these four swabs, PW5
confirmed the presence of semen. PW3
testified, according to forensic principle, every contact leaves traces and in
this case where swabs exh P6F, P6H, P6I and P6J, were taken from the rectal
region of PW1, on which semen was found, it means there had been a male organ
contacting the rectal region, leaving sperm in that area. This was a clear
evidence of penetration. All three
doctors – PW2, PW3 and PW4 further testified that based on the history of PW1
and the site where swabs in B5 which contain swab from perianal region of PW1;
in B7 and B8 which contained high rectal swab from PW1 and in B9 lower rectal
swab of PW1, they could positively conclude there was penile penetration of
PW1’s anus.”
Pada akhir kes
pendakwaan, mahkamah memutuskan bahawa terdapat kes prima facie dan wujudnya
sokongan terhadap keterangan yang diberikan oleh SP1 dalam kes terbabit. Persoalan
yang ditimbulkan pada awal tadi telahpun dijawab dengan fakta-fakta yang
diberikan di dalam kes terbabit di mana wujudnya keterangan menyokong dalam kes
ini dan wujudnya kes prima facie yang
membolehkan tertuduh dipanggil untuk membela diri.
Jika
mahkamah memutuskan wujudnya corroborative evidence di antara keterangan semua
saksi pendakwaan bagaimana tertuduh berjaya menimbulkan keraguan munasabah
semasa kes pembelaan dipanggil? Adakah masih wujud kekurangan pada keterangan
yang diberikan oleh saksi-saksi pendakwaan semasa kes pendakwaan terbabit. Atau
adakah corroborative evidence semasa kes pendakwaan diragukan oleh saksi-saksi
pembelaan? Seterusnya kita akan pergi ke bahagian kedua kes ini iaitu kes
pembelaan di mana tertuduh diarah untuk membela diri.
Semasa
kes pembelaan dibicarakan, pihak pembelaan telahpun membawa 6 orang saksi di
mana antara saksi yang dibawa adalah Prof David
Lawrence Well (SD2), Dr Brian Leslie Mc Donald (SD4) dan Dr Thomas Hoogland (SD7). Saksi-saksi
pembelaan di bawa untuk menimbulkan keraguan terhadap integriti keterangan yang
diberikan semasa kes pendakwaan yang cuba untuk mengaitkan tertuduh dengan
perbuatan sodomi. Semasa menerangkan kepada mahkamah mengenai kajian yang
dibuat mengenai sampel semen, SD3 dan SD4 menerangkan kepada mahkamah bahawa;
“one could
hardly succeed in collecting any specimen of value from which DNA could be
extracted beyond 36 hours after sexual assault. This is based on Australian
experience/practice, where they do not want to retrieve specimen more than 36
hours after a sexual assault. When confronted with an article by JE Allard –
reported in Forensic Science International, 19 (1982) pp 135-154 which indicate
sperms could be found after 65 hours in the rectum, DW3 answered that the
scientific community has some reservation about that single case reported in
Allard because there was only one case of 30 years. It certainly would not
stand the long scientific standing to premise it on a single case. 36 to 48
hours might be the limit in which good DNA can be obtained.”
Dalam
memberikan penghakimannya, Hakim Mohamad Zabidin Mohd Diah menerangkan bahawa
perkara penting yang perlu ada untuk membuktikan dakwaan adalah dengan
membuktikan wujudnya kejadian kemasukan (factum of penetration). Hakim menerangkan
lagi dalam penghakimannya;
“The prosecution relied on the evidence of PW5 (who did DNA testing
on the sample taken from the complainant) to corroborate SP1’s evidence on
factum of penetration. Although, the three doctors – PW2, PW3 and PW4 also
opined there was penile penetration, they based their opinion on this issue on
the evidence of SP4 who said she found semen which she called “Male Y” in the
samples taken from high and low rectal of the complainant. As to whom this
“Male Y” belonged to, the prosecution relied on the evidence of PW6 who found
the DNA profile obtained from articles recovered from the cell occupied
overnight by the accused to match that DNA found by SP5 from samples taken from
high and low rectal of the complainant. Clearly, corroboration on factum of
penetration from all these witnesses hinged on the finding of SP5 on the
analysis she conducted on the samples taken from high and low rectal of the
complainant. Therefore it is crucial now at the close of the defence to
re-evaluate the entire evidence relating to collecting, handling and analysing
of those samples taken from the complainant, in the light of the defence
evidence to see whether the prosecution had proven its case beyond reasonable
doubt…”
Dalam menimbulkan
keraguan terhadap keterangan SP2,SP3 dan SP4, SD2 memberitahu mahkamah bahawa;
“it was wrong for PW2, PW3 and PW4 to give
their opinions on factum of penetration based on the findings made by PW5. In
other words they should confine their opinions based on their medical
observations on the complainant and not based on what was subsequently revealed
from the analysis conducted by some other experts on samples taken from the
complainant.”
Selain itu, SD2 dan SD4 turut
mempertikaikan cara SP25 iaitu pegawai penyiasat dalam kes ini mengendalikan
bahan bukti iaitu sperma. SP25 telah gagal mengendalikan bahan bukti dengan
baik apabila tidak mengikut arahan yang diberikan oleh SP3. SP25 telah
menyimpan barang bukti di dalam biliknya dan tidak menyimpannya di dalam peti
beku sepertimana yang diarahkan oleh SP3. Menurut SD4 dan SD5 lagi, keadaan ini
akan memusnahkan sampel DNA yang boleh dikesan dalam mana-mana sampel.
Dalam
memutuskan untuk menerima keterangan pakar dari saksi pendakwaan ataupun saksi
pembelaan, mahkamah telah menimbulkan isu integriti sampel terbabit. Dalam menerangkan
mengenai integriti sampel barang kes, mahkamah menyatakan;
“It was in the prosecution evidence that all samples collected from
the complainant were put individually in plastic receptacles labeled and sealed
with
Hospital Kuala Lumpur seal by Dr Siew (PW3). These receptacles were then put in
a tamper proof Hospital Kuala Lumpur plastic bag (P27) and heat sealed. This
plastic bag (P27) was then handed over to the investigating officer PW25 to be
handed to PW5 for analysis. It was not in dispute that PW25, at his office, cut
open P27. According to him it was done for the purpose of individually
re-labeling the receptacles. In my view this was not necessary since the
receptacles were already packed and labeled by the experts who collected them.
The whole purpose of packing and labeling and sealing by the experts who
collected the specimen was to maintain the integrity of the samples and the
chain of custody. It was the
prosecution’s stance that the tampering with P27 did not in any way compromise
the integrity of the samples in the receptacles since the receptacles were
individually sealed with Hospital Kuala Lumpur seal. DW3 when examined on this
subject said that the receptacles were not tamper proof (meaning the seal could
be removed and resealed) from the manner in which they were sealed and the type
of material used as seals. By cutting open P27, the confidence in the integrity
of the samples was gone.”
Di akhir kes pembelaan, dalam
memutuskan tertuduh tidak bersalah, hakim telah menerangkan bahawa;
“After going through the defence’s evidence particularly those
stated above, this court could not, at this stage, with 100% certainty, exclude
the possibility the integrity of the samples taken from the complainant had
been compromised before they reached SP5 for analysis. As such, it was not safe
to rely on the DNA result obtained by PW5 from the analysis conducted on those
samples. That being the case, there was no evidence to corroborate the evidence
of SP1 on factum of penetration. This
court was left only with the evidence of PW1 to prove penetration. This being a
sexual offence, it is trite law that the court is always reluctant to convict
an accused person based solely on the uncorroborated evidence of the
complainant.”
Jika
dilihat kepada keputusan mahkamah di akhir kes ini, dapat dilihat bahawa
mahkamah tidak boleh mensabitkan tertuduh dengan kesalahan kerana tiadanya
keterangan sokongan terhadap keterangan pengadu. Dalam kes ini, walaupun
wujudnya keterangan menyokong pada kes pendakwaan, namun di akhir kes ini, keterangan
terbabit diragukan hanya melalui kegagalan pegawai penyiasat mengendalikan
bahan bukti seperti yang diarahkan oleh saksi pakar pada pendakwaan. Kegagalan ini
telah menyebabkan mahkamah memutuskan bahawa barang bukti hilang intergriti
untuk menentukan keterangan pakar mana yang perlu diambil kira.
Walaupun
keterangan menyokong (corroborative evidence) bukanlah satu keterangan asal
yang boleh dijadikan sebagai keterangan asas untuk mensabitkan tertuduh, namun
keterangan ini sangat penting dalam menyokong dan mengaitkan tertuduh dengan
sesuatu jenayah yang didakwa ke atasnya. Kewujudan keterangan menyokong ini,
mampu membantu pihak pendakwaan dalam menguatkan kes pendakwaan terhadap
tertuduh di samping menjadi satu sokongan kuat kepada keterangan asal.
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1 Response to "PP lwn Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim Keterangan Menyokong : Wujud atau Tidak "
~ interesting hafiz... tapi kalau boleh jarakkan antara paragraph yer bg mesra pembaca.... anyway good try :)
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