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PP lwn Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim Keterangan Menyokong : Wujud atau Tidak

Posted on Monday, December 10, 2012 by hafiz


Kes Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim sememangnya telah diketahui umum dengan pelbagai kontroversi termasuk kes terbarunya yang melibatkan bekas pembantu peribadinya iaitu Saiful Bukhari. Tertuduh yang dituduh dengan kesalahan persetubuhan luar tabii di bawah seksyen 377B Kanun Keseksaan telah dibebaskan oleh mahkamah kerana diakhir perbicaraan mahkamah memutuskan bahawa mahkamah tidak  akan mensabitkan tertuduh dengan dakwaan kerana tiada satu keterangan menyokong dengan keterangan mangsa. Dalam entry kali ini, penulis akan cuba untuk memberi gambaran serba sedikit dengan keputusan yang diambil oleh mahkamah di akhir perbicaraan dalam kes ini.

                Dalam kes R v Baskerville (1916-17) All ER 38, perkataan “menyokong”  ditafsirkan sebagai “independent testimony” yang mengaitkan tertuduh melalui perkaitan tertuduh dengan sesuatu jenayah. Dalam kes R v Scarrot (1977) 3WLR 910, mahkamah memutuskan bahawa sesuatu keterangan yang menyokong harus diterima pada peringkat permulaan. Namun, sesuatu keterangan itu tidak diterima hanya berdasarkan kepada kualiti “keterangan menyokong”. Sesuatu keterangan menyokong itu tidak boleh menggantikan sesuatu keterangan asal. Keterangan menyokong ini hanyalah sekadar suatu keterangan sokongan kepada keterangan asal.

                Seksyen 157 Akta Keterangan 1950 telah menyatakan mengenai keterangan menyokong ini (corroborative evidence). Seksyen ini menetapkan bahawa;
“Bagi menyokong testimoni seorang saksi, sesuatu penyataan dahulu yang dibuat olehnya sama ada secara bertulis atau lisan, atas sumpah atau dalam percakapan biasa, berhubungan dengan fakta yang sama pada atau lebih kurang pada waktu fakta itu telah berlaku, atau di hadapan mana-mana pihak berkuasa yang kompeten di sisi undang-undang menyiasat fakta itu, boleh dibuktikan.”

Kedudukan seksyen 157 Akta Keterangan 1950 ini adalah berbeza dengan kedudukan keterangan menyokong di England. Di England, keterangan menyokong ini bermaksud; “independent evidence which implicates the accused.” Dalam kes R v Whitehead (1929) 1KB 99, Lord Hewart CJ menyatakan;
“In order that evidence may amount to corroborative it must be extraneous to the witness who is to be corroborated. A girl cannot corroborate herself, otherwise it is only necessary for her to repeat her story some 25 times in order to get two corroboration of it”.

Kedudukan yang berbeza dapat dilihat di Malaysia di mana dalam kes Karthiyayam & Anor v Lee Seong Sin & Anor [1975] MLJ 119 di mana Raja Azlan Shah menyatakan;
“It is settled law that a person cannot corroborate himself but it would appear that section 157 of the Evidence Act enables a person to corroborate his testimony by his previous statement. The section adopts a contrary rule of English jurisprudence by enacting that a former statement of a witness is admissible to corroborate him, if the former statement is consistent with the evidence given by him in court. The rule is based on the assumption that consistency of utterance is a ground for belief in the witness’s truthfulness, just as inconsistence is a ground for disbelieving him”.

Berikut adalah serba sedikit ringkasan mengenai keterangan menyokong atau lebih dikenali sebagai “corroborative evidence”. Kini kita kembali kepada kes yang ingin dibincangkan iaitu kes PP lwn Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim. Wujudkah keterangan menyokong terhadap dakwaan yang dikenakan terhadap tertuduh dalam kes ini? Adakah saksi-saksi pendakwaan memberikan satu keterangan yang mampu menyokong keterangan yang diberikan oleh mangsa yang juga merupakan saksi pendakwaaan iaitu SP1 yang membolehkan tertuduh disabitkan dengan kesalahan terbabit? Atau adakah tiada kenyataan menyokong yang mampu mensabitkan tertuduh dengan pertuduhan yang dikenakan terhadapnya.

                Artikel ini akan cuba menyelusuri sedikit berkenaan kes terbabit yang melibatkan keterangan menyokong ini. Kita akan lihat pada peringkat awal kes ini iaitu semasa kes pendakwaan. SP1 iaitu mangsa dalam kes ini semasa kes pendakwaan telahpun memberitahu mahkamah mengenai apa yang telah berlaku di antara beliau dan juga tertuduh. Semasa kes pendakwaan, mahkamah telah memutuskan bahawa wujudnya kes prima facie dalam kes pendakwaan. Dalam menerangkan mengenai keterangan menyokong dalam kes pendakwaan, Hakim Mohamad Zabidin Mohd Diah telah menjelaskan mengenai corroborative evidence dalam penghakimannya. Hakim pada awalnya menerangkan wujudnya keterangan menyokong di antara keterangan yang diberikan oleh SP1 dan juga SP24 iaitu Encik Ibrahim Bin Yaakop di mana pada tarikh dan masa fakta tertuduh telah menelefon SP24 untuk menyerahkan sampul surat kepadanya dan SP24 telah mengarahkan SP1 untuk menyerahkannya kepada tertuduh pada masa dan tarikh kesalahan  itu dilakukan. Hakim menyatakan;

PW24 corroborated PW1’s evidence that PW1 and the accused was at the condominium thereby affording not only opportunity but also confirming proximity of time.”

Hakim seterusnya menjelaskan lagi bahawa imej ketibaan SP1 di kondominium terbabit dan menaiki tingkat 5 yang dirakamkan oleh CCTV merupakan “independent corroborative evidence” yang menyokong kehadiran SP1 di kondominium terbabit pada masa dan tarikh kejadian itu berlaku. SP22 dalam kes ini telah mengesahkan bahawa SP1 telah pun memasuki kawasan kondominium terbabit pada 14.47.44 pada 26 Jun 2008. Kemudian SP11  yang merupakan seorang penganalisis di suruhanjaya sekuriti telah menerangkan kepada mahkamah bahawa masa yang ditunjukkan dalam rakaman terbabit adalah terlambat selama 9 minit 15 saat mengikut waktu standard Malaysia.

Dalam menghuraikan mengenai corroborative evidence di antara SP1 dan juga saksi pendakwaan yang lain, hakim dalam penghakiman semasa kes pendakwaan memutuskan bahawa;
“Based on the above evidence, I find the accused and PW1 were at the vicinity of the crime scene during the period mentioned in the charge. The presence of the accused at the vicinity of crime scene and the proximity of time to the commission of the offence showed there was opportunity for the offence to take place. More importantly they are corroborative evidence, lending support to the credibility of PW1’s evidence.  Corroborative evidence as to what transpired between the accused and PW1 in the Unit 11-5-1 could be found in the medical history of PW1 as evidenced by Dr Ruzain (PW23) who interviewed PW1 and Dr Siew (PW3). She was informed by PW1 that he had been sodomised by the accused. Lubricant was used and the accused fondled PW1’s breast. PW1 informed PW23 that there was penetration and ejaculation as well. These were noted and reflected in the Performa exh D28.   Likewise Dr Siew PW3 also testified that he was informed by PW1 that he was sodomised by a high profile public figure for at least two months and the last incident happened on 26 June 2008. When asked by PW3 whether condom was used, PW1 replied no condom was used. PW1 affirmed that lubricant was used and there was penetration. He also confirmed ejaculation took place.  The history given by PW1 was also noted in the medical report exh P22 jointly prepared by the three doctors – PW2, PW3 and PW4. lt is stated under the heading “HISTORY”
“23 – YEARS OLD MALAY GENTLEMENT WHO ALLEDGED SODOMISED BY WELL KNOWN PUBLIC FIGURE FOR THE PAST 2 MONTHS. THE LAST INCIDENT TOOK PLACE IN THE AFTERNOON OF 26TH JUNE 2008”
This medical history narrated by PW1 and noted by the medical doctors PW2, PW3 and PW4 is corroborative evidence which lend credence to PW1’s evidence.  The more crucial evidence which corroborated the evidence of PW1 on the factum of penetration of the accused’s penis into PW1’s anus was the evidence of the medical doctors PW2, PW3, PW4 and the chemist PW5.  PW2, PW3 and PW4’s evidence showed swabs were taken from PW1. Among the swabs taken were exh P6F taken from perianal region, exhs P6H and P6I taken from high rectal region and exh P6J taken from low rectal region. These swabs were put in containers, sealed and handed to Investigating Officer PW25 to be handed to Chemist Dr Seah Lay Hong (PW5) for analysis. From the analysis on these four swabs, PW5 confirmed the presence of semen.  PW3 testified, according to forensic principle, every contact leaves traces and in this case where swabs exh P6F, P6H, P6I and P6J, were taken from the rectal region of PW1, on which semen was found, it means there had been a male organ contacting the rectal region, leaving sperm in that area. This was a clear evidence of penetration.  All three doctors – PW2, PW3 and PW4 further testified that based on the history of PW1 and the site where swabs in B5 which contain swab from perianal region of PW1; in B7 and B8 which contained high rectal swab from PW1 and in B9 lower rectal swab of PW1, they could positively conclude there was penile penetration of PW1’s anus.”

Pada akhir kes pendakwaan, mahkamah memutuskan bahawa terdapat kes prima facie dan wujudnya sokongan terhadap keterangan yang diberikan oleh SP1 dalam kes terbabit. Persoalan yang ditimbulkan pada awal tadi telahpun dijawab dengan fakta-fakta yang diberikan di dalam kes terbabit di mana wujudnya keterangan menyokong dalam kes ini dan wujudnya kes prima facie yang membolehkan tertuduh dipanggil untuk membela diri.

                Jika mahkamah memutuskan wujudnya corroborative evidence di antara keterangan semua saksi pendakwaan bagaimana tertuduh berjaya menimbulkan keraguan munasabah semasa kes pembelaan dipanggil? Adakah masih wujud kekurangan pada keterangan yang diberikan oleh saksi-saksi pendakwaan semasa kes pendakwaan terbabit. Atau adakah corroborative evidence semasa kes pendakwaan diragukan oleh saksi-saksi pembelaan? Seterusnya kita akan pergi ke bahagian kedua kes ini iaitu kes pembelaan di mana tertuduh diarah untuk membela diri.

                Semasa kes pembelaan dibicarakan, pihak pembelaan telahpun membawa 6 orang saksi di mana antara saksi yang dibawa adalah Prof David Lawrence Well (SD2), Dr Brian Leslie Mc Donald (SD4) dan  Dr Thomas Hoogland (SD7). Saksi-saksi pembelaan di bawa untuk menimbulkan keraguan terhadap integriti keterangan yang diberikan semasa kes pendakwaan yang cuba untuk mengaitkan tertuduh dengan perbuatan sodomi. Semasa menerangkan kepada mahkamah mengenai kajian yang dibuat mengenai sampel semen, SD3 dan SD4 menerangkan kepada mahkamah bahawa;
“one could hardly succeed in collecting any specimen of value from which DNA could be extracted beyond 36 hours after sexual assault. This is based on Australian experience/practice, where they do not want to retrieve specimen more than 36 hours after a sexual assault. When confronted with an article by JE Allard – reported in Forensic Science International, 19 (1982) pp 135-154 which indicate sperms could be found after 65 hours in the rectum, DW3 answered that the scientific community has some reservation about that single case reported in Allard because there was only one case of 30 years. It certainly would not stand the long scientific standing to premise it on a single case. 36 to 48 hours might be the limit in which good DNA can be obtained.”

                Dalam memberikan penghakimannya, Hakim Mohamad Zabidin Mohd Diah menerangkan bahawa perkara penting yang perlu ada untuk membuktikan dakwaan adalah dengan membuktikan wujudnya kejadian kemasukan (factum of penetration). Hakim menerangkan lagi dalam penghakimannya;

The prosecution relied on the evidence of PW5 (who did DNA testing on the sample taken from the complainant) to corroborate SP1’s evidence on factum of penetration. Although, the three doctors – PW2, PW3 and PW4 also opined there was penile penetration, they based their opinion on this issue on the evidence of SP4 who said she found semen which she called “Male Y” in the samples taken from high and low rectal of the complainant. As to whom this “Male Y” belonged to, the prosecution relied on the evidence of PW6 who found the DNA profile obtained from articles recovered from the cell occupied overnight by the accused to match that DNA found by SP5 from samples taken from high and low rectal of the complainant. Clearly, corroboration on factum of penetration from all these witnesses hinged on the finding of SP5 on the analysis she conducted on the samples taken from high and low rectal of the complainant. Therefore it is crucial now at the close of the defence to re-evaluate the entire evidence relating to collecting, handling and analysing of those samples taken from the complainant, in the light of the defence evidence to see whether the prosecution had proven its case beyond reasonable doubt…”

                Dalam menimbulkan keraguan terhadap keterangan SP2,SP3 dan SP4, SD2 memberitahu mahkamah bahawa;
it was wrong for PW2, PW3 and PW4 to give their opinions on factum of penetration based on the findings made by PW5. In other words they should confine their opinions based on their medical observations on the complainant and not based on what was subsequently revealed from the analysis conducted by some other experts on samples taken from the complainant.”

Selain itu, SD2 dan SD4 turut mempertikaikan cara SP25 iaitu pegawai penyiasat dalam kes ini mengendalikan bahan bukti iaitu sperma. SP25 telah gagal mengendalikan bahan bukti dengan baik apabila tidak mengikut arahan yang diberikan oleh SP3. SP25 telah menyimpan barang bukti di dalam biliknya dan tidak menyimpannya di dalam peti beku sepertimana yang diarahkan oleh SP3. Menurut SD4 dan SD5 lagi, keadaan ini akan memusnahkan sampel DNA yang boleh dikesan dalam mana-mana sampel.

                Dalam memutuskan untuk menerima keterangan pakar dari saksi pendakwaan ataupun saksi pembelaan, mahkamah telah menimbulkan isu integriti sampel terbabit. Dalam menerangkan mengenai integriti sampel barang kes, mahkamah menyatakan;
It was in the prosecution evidence that all samples collected from the complainant were put individually in plastic receptacles labeled and sealed  with Hospital Kuala Lumpur seal by Dr Siew (PW3). These receptacles were then put in a tamper proof Hospital Kuala Lumpur plastic bag (P27) and heat sealed. This plastic bag (P27) was then handed over to the investigating officer PW25 to be handed to PW5 for analysis. It was not in dispute that PW25, at his office, cut open P27. According to him it was done for the purpose of individually re-labeling the receptacles. In my view this was not necessary since the receptacles were already packed and labeled by the experts who collected them. The whole purpose of packing and labeling and sealing by the experts who collected the specimen was to maintain the integrity of the samples and the chain of custody.  It was the prosecution’s stance that the tampering with P27 did not in any way compromise the integrity of the samples in the receptacles since the receptacles were individually sealed with Hospital Kuala Lumpur seal. DW3 when examined on this subject said that the receptacles were not tamper proof (meaning the seal could be removed and resealed) from the manner in which they were sealed and the type of material used as seals. By cutting open P27, the confidence in the integrity of the samples was gone.”

Di akhir kes pembelaan, dalam memutuskan tertuduh tidak bersalah, hakim telah menerangkan bahawa;
After going through the defence’s evidence particularly those stated above, this court could not, at this stage, with 100% certainty, exclude the possibility the integrity of the samples taken from the complainant had been compromised before they reached SP5 for analysis. As such, it was not safe to rely on the DNA result obtained by PW5 from the analysis conducted on those samples. That being the case, there was no evidence to corroborate the evidence of SP1 on factum of penetration.  This court was left only with the evidence of PW1 to prove penetration. This being a sexual offence, it is trite law that the court is always reluctant to convict an accused person based solely on the uncorroborated evidence of the complainant.”

                Jika dilihat kepada keputusan mahkamah di akhir kes ini, dapat dilihat bahawa mahkamah tidak boleh mensabitkan tertuduh dengan kesalahan kerana tiadanya keterangan sokongan terhadap keterangan pengadu. Dalam kes ini, walaupun wujudnya keterangan menyokong pada kes pendakwaan, namun di akhir kes ini, keterangan terbabit diragukan hanya melalui kegagalan pegawai penyiasat mengendalikan bahan bukti seperti yang diarahkan oleh saksi pakar pada pendakwaan. Kegagalan ini telah menyebabkan mahkamah memutuskan bahawa barang bukti hilang intergriti untuk menentukan keterangan pakar mana yang perlu diambil kira.
                Walaupun keterangan menyokong (corroborative evidence) bukanlah satu keterangan asal yang boleh dijadikan sebagai keterangan asas untuk mensabitkan tertuduh, namun keterangan ini sangat penting dalam menyokong dan mengaitkan tertuduh dengan sesuatu jenayah yang didakwa ke atasnya. Kewujudan keterangan menyokong ini, mampu membantu pihak pendakwaan dalam menguatkan kes pendakwaan terhadap tertuduh di samping menjadi satu sokongan kuat kepada keterangan asal.

1 Response to "PP lwn Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim Keterangan Menyokong : Wujud atau Tidak "

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Unknown Says....

~ interesting hafiz... tapi kalau boleh jarakkan antara paragraph yer bg mesra pembaca.... anyway good try :)

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